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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
Time: 12:19 am
Time: 12:19 am
Results for target hardening
4 results foundAuthor: Staes, Lisa Title: Identification of Cost-Effective Methods to Improve Security at Transit Operating/Maintenance Facilities and Passenger Stations Summary: Prior to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the United States' transit systems did a fairly successful job of safely and securely protecting their facilities and passengers. Until that time, public transit security issues generally dealt only with unruly passengers, fare evasion, vandalism, trespassing, and theft. With the events of 9/11, the public transit bombing attacks in Madrid, and biological attacks in Japan, the U.S. has become more focused on the issue of terrorism and is hardening the security of our public transit systems against terrorist activities. Most U.S. transit systems are increasing their security measures at both their operating/maintenance facilities and passenger stations, but with limited funding. This research report investigates several agencies that have innovatively and creatively implemented cost-effective methods of increasing security at their systems. In addition, this report provides a historic summary of the consequences of terrorism on public transportation systems and a literature review of existing resources. Details: Jupiter, FL: Florida Atlantic University/University Consortium for Intermodal Transportation Safety and Security, 2006. 92p. Source: Sponsoring Agency: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 113950 Keywords: (Security )SafetyTarget HardeningTerrorism (Public Transportation)TransitTransit CrimeTransit Systems |
Author: Wilkie, Katarina Title: Alley-gates: Do They Work? An Evaluation of the Blackpool Alley-gating Scheme Summary: The introduction of the alley‑gates became prominent across the UK and many see it as a cure for reducing crime and anti‑social behaviour. This study is an examination of Blackpool’s alley‑gating scheme. It takes into consideration its impact upon crime statistics and the overall perception of the local community. Details: Blackpool, Lancashire, UK: School of Academic Studies, Blackpool & the Fylde College, 2008(?). 78p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 23, 2010 at: http://www.bsafeblackpool.com/storage/download/Katarina%20Dissertation%20.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.bsafeblackpool.com/storage/download/Katarina%20Dissertation%20.pdf Shelf Number: 119858 Keywords: Alley-gatesAntisocial BehaviorLitteringSituational Crime PreventionTarget Hardening |
Author: Rogerson, Michelle Title: The Impact of Target Hardening on Burglary in Liverpool: A Report to Liverpool Citysafe Summary: The purpose of this study was ‘to improve the understanding of the cost benefits of target hardening in Liverpool, and to inform strategic and operational planning and investment for future burglary prevention work’. The report examines the impact of target hardening on domestic burglary in Liverpool between July 2005 and December 2007. Information on target hardening was supplied by Liverpool Citysafe. Three sources of target hardening funding were identified, namely, Liverpool Citysafe, Liverpool Housing Market Renewal Initiative (HMRI), and Liverpool Neighbourhood Renewal Initiative (NRI) The research questions fell into four categories, and these were: • Description of the characteristics of the location of burglary and target hardening • Assessment of the relationship between burglary and target hardening • Examination of the impact of target hardening on burglary • Priorities for the future deployment of target hardening. Details: Huddersfield, UK: University of Huddersfield, 2009. 87p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 1, 2012 at: http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/9627/1/Microsoft_Word_-_TH_Final_Report_June_2008_Liverpool_Citysafe.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/9627/1/Microsoft_Word_-_TH_Final_Report_June_2008_Liverpool_Citysafe.pdf Shelf Number: 125111 Keywords: Burglary (Liverpool)Cost-Benefit AnalysisSituational Crime PreventionTarget Hardening |
Author: Haberman, Cory P. Title: COPS on Dots Doing What? The Differential Effects of Police Enforcement Actions in Hot Spots Summary: Although hot spots policing has become one of the most promising policing strategies, the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of hot spots policing does not suggest what police should be doing in crime hot spots. To date - police enforcement actions, pedestrian investigations, traffic enforcement, and arrests - still dominate American policing. Yet empirical studies of these actions have not: focused on micro-geographic areas, employed multiple measures of police enforcement actions, or empirically compared the effectiveness of different enforcement actions. Given these gaps in the literature, a mixed-methods study sought to answer four research questions. (1) Do four police enforcement actions focused on offenders or potential offenders reduce violent crime in hot spots? The four police enforcement actions examined were pedestrian investigations, traffic enforcement events, quality of life arrests, and violent crime arrests. (2) Are any one of these four police enforcement actions more effective than the others? (3) When police commanders allocate resources to crime hot spots, what do police commanders think they are doing? (4) What are police commanders rationales for what they do in crime hot spots? The first two questions were answered using official data from the Philadelphia Police Department. A purposive sample of 169 high crime street blocks and intersections was drawn and longitudinal data analyses examined the effects of police enforcement actions on monthly violent crime counts from 2009 to 2013 (n = 10,140). Wald Tests were used to test for the differential effectiveness of the four enforcement actions. Qualitative methods answered the remaining two research questions. Field observations of crime strategy meetings (May, 2014 to August, 2014) and interviews with police commanders (November, 2014 to February, 2015) were conducted. The quantitative results found total enforcement and pedestrian stop levels in the previous or same month linked to higher expected monthly violent crime counts. The positive effect of pedestrian stops was significantly larger than the effects of traffic enforcement or quality of life arrests. Despite the positive relationship between police enforcement and violent crime, the qualitative results provided insight into what police commanders thought they were doing in crime hot spots. Three themes emerged from the qualitative data: (1) "locking down" crime hot spots, (2) disrupting high risk offenders, and (3) educating potential victims. Police commanders rationalized these beliefs with four explanations of their effectiveness: (1) making offenders "think twice", (2) denying potential offenders and victims certain places in order to reduce crime opportunities, (3) getting high risk offenders "off the street", and (4) target hardening. Drawing on theorizing for how police enforcement actions might actually link to higher levels of crime (Grabosky, 1996) and methodological concerns raised by Taylor (2015), five possible explanations for the observed positive relationships among police enforcement actions and violent crime are provided: (1) an anticipatory effect, (2) over-deterrence, (3) escalation, (4) unintended enticement and self-fulfilling prophecies, and (5) temporal scaling. The anticipatory effect explanation centers on the police correctly anticipating outbreaks of violent crime but violent crime still not being reduced due to (1) dosage, (2) the overuse of enforcement, (3) police legitimacy, (4) temporal displacement or two components the study's design (5) imprecise measurement and (6) lack of a proper counterfactual. Additionally, police enforcement actions may inadvertently reduce guardianship though over©deterrence, escalate competition among rival offenders, or inform potential offenders of crimes they could or "should" be committing. Finally, the study's temporal scale (i.e., months) may not be fine enough to capture the actual cycling of how increased enforcement actions produce lower violent crime levels. The qualitative data are drawn upon to possibly support these explanations. Additionally, the pros and cons of police commanders' perspectives on the use and effectiveness of enforcement actions are discussed in context of the criminological theory and crime control literatures. Finally, the results are discussed in terms of their implications for crime control theory and policy. Details: Philadelphia: Temple University, 2015. 310p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 28, 2016 at: http://digital.library.temple.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/338119 Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://digital.library.temple.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/338119 Shelf Number: 139506 Keywords: Crime AnalysisHot SpotsPolice LegitimacyPolice ResponsePolicing Hot SpotsTarget HardeningViolent Crime |